Aggregate Inward Fdi Flow To Pakistan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4167 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Overview Globalization which gave birth to the concept of interdependence of countries and their economies has been defined as the process through which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated with the assistance of global network of trade, communication and transportation. This allowed the investors to invest or transfer their capital where ever they wanted which introduced the concept of Foreign Direct Investment. Since the recent financial crisis in Asia and Latin America developing as well as newly industrialized countries have been advised to rely mainly on FDI for economic development and supplement national savings by capital inflows. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Aggregate Inward Fdi Flow To Pakistan" essay for you Create order Developing countries in particular are in need of investment for their development and the investment amount in majority of cases is greater than the capital internally available. Therefore, FDI has emerged as most important source of generating capital required for development of emerging countries. Currently Foreign Direct Investment has become one of the major sources of economic development, modernization, employment, income growth, capital generation and a channel for the transfer and access to advance technologies as well as organizational and managerial skills.Recognizing this fact, developing countries try their level best to attract as much as of FDI as they can. But attracting FDI is not that much simple, it requires huge efforts on the part of policy makers and government.Variety of factors is considered by an investor before making investment in a particular foreign country. Those were labeled as determinants of FDI, and may vary from country to country. Pakistan is curre ntly facing a huge shortfall of capital to finance its major development projects and to run the government operations smoothly.The country requires capital to fulfill the growing needs in defense, infrastructure, education and variety of other aspects of serioussignificance to progress. Since 1990s there has been noteworthy increase in flow of capital investments to developing countries, which motivateddiscussions in literature concerning determinants of such investment flows.This trend was result of liberal trade policies, variations in economics related fundamentals of emergent countries, development of capital markets and transformations in economic conditions around the globe.This research paper tries to investigate the role of economic fundamentals in driving investment flows.Past research on the economic fundamentals as determinants of foreign direct investment divided economic fundamentals into two broad categories of pull factors and push factors. Push factors were considered as those economic fundamentals that relateto industrial or developed countries and motivate capital flows,in contrast pull factors consist of economic fundamentals of recipient countries that attract capital flows.One of the major push factors as cited in the past research was hold back of the economies of the developed countries (Calvo, 1992; Fernandez-Arias, 1996; Haque, 1997; Montiel and Reinhart, 1999).Pull factors consist of Supply of money and local productivity of the recipient country (Calvoet al., 1992; Lensink and White, 1998). Calvoet al. (1992)argued that push factors contribute more than pull factors ingrowth of capital transfer.Vita and Kyaw (2008) suggested that variations in domestic yield and productivity of the foreign country were main determinants of portfolio and FDI flows.Dunning (1993) by combining previous research on the determinants of FDI came up with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“OLIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? model that stated global manufacturing as function of ownership, localization and internationalization.Variety of theories have been developed regarding the determinants of FDI such as industrial organization theory, the pure trade theory, classical theory relating international investment flows, and locational factor theories.Classical theory relating the in ternational investment flow states that when return on investment crossways countries under autarchy change the investments will shift from lower to higher return providing country. Therefore, this theory assumes foreign direct investment as function of dissimilarity of return on investment.Wilhborg (1978)argued that volatility in the exchange rate would decrease the amount of portfolio investment and that had also been valid for FDI(Black, 1977). According to Kohlhagen (1977) the firms that expect devaluation in the currency of foreign country would defer its investment till the time when exporting becomes profitable. Study also concluded that the higher the exchange rate, the lower the amount of FDI because this phenomena would make exporting relatively less profitable. 1.2 Problem statement To identify the best determinants of the aggregate inward FDI flow to Pakistan. 1.3 Hypothesis This particular research primarily focused on testing the following hypothesis: H1: GDP has positive impact on FDI. H2: Infrastructure expenditure has positive impact on FDI. H3: Taxes has negative impact on FDI. H4: Inflation has negative impact on FDI. H5: GDP per capita growth has positive impact on FDI. H6: Exchange rate has positive impact on FDI. H7: Interest rate has negative impact on FDI. 1.4 Outline of the Study The first chapter of the research focuses on giving basic view of the research and provides information on the overview, issues, purpose and basic theories on the determinants of FDI. In the chapter existing work done by various researchers and past empirical studies have been discussed. The third chapter provides details regarding practical carrying out of the research and describes data collection and analysis procedures. Finally, the last chapter gives details regarding the results of the research. 1.5 Definitions All the chosenfor predicting FDI were variables that had been used in prior researchand theories relatingFDI. 1.5.1Net Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) The net amount of foreign direct investment received by Pakistan measured in current US dollars. 1.5.2Inflation (I) The variable represents annual change (%) in the commodities that fall in the category of CPI. 1.5.3Interest rate (IR) The variable represents the annual rateof interest (%) offered by banks operating in Pakistan on the deposits by customers. 1.5.4Exchange rate (ER) Measured as the rateof converting 1 US $ into Pakistani rupees (1 US $ = Rs.). 1.5.5Infrastructure expenditure (IE) Represents the annual amount spent by government on Pakistan on the development of infrastructure in the country. The variable is measured by annual amount of Public Sector Development Program (PSDP) fund and unit of measurement was rupees in million. 1.5.6Taxes (T) The variable represents the annual rate of tax (%) applicable on the profits of corporate companies operating in Pakistan. 1.5.7Gross domestic product (GDP) Represents the total value of goods and services (at factor cost) produced in Pakistan measured in Rs. Million. 1.5.8GDP per capita growth rate (GDPG) The variable represents the annual rate of growth (%) in the gross domestic product per capita, of Pakistan. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW A lot of research has already been conducted in the field of identifying the best determinants of Foreign Direct Investment by various researchers. Most of the research work conducted implies that the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment vary from country to country and from location to location. The purpose of this research is to find out the impact of Labor cost (Wage), Inflation (I),Interest rate (IR), Exchange rate (ER), Infrastructure expenditure (IE), Taxes (T), GDP and GDP per capita growth (GDPG) on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in Pakistan. The study hypothesizes positive relationship between GDP, GDP per capita growth, Infrastructure expenditure and Exchange rate with FDI whereas Wage, inflation, Taxes and Interest rate relate negatively with FDI. Pursuing the same objectives Kok and Ersoy (2009) conducted study that made attempt to investigatethe best determinants of FDI in developing countries. Study hypothesized and concluded that GDP, inflation, Trade, GDP per capita growth,Gross fixed capital formation and communication (telephone) are positively related with FDI whereas inflation and total debt/ GDP had negative relationship. Barrel and Pain (1996) in their empirical studies found that FDI and both the acceleration and level of GNP were positively related. In addition unit labor cost and relative capital cost also had positive relationship with outward direct investment. Research suggested that in short run funds availability affects investment timing. Research of Barrel and Pain et al.related to this particular thesis because it tried to identify probable impact of factor prices and demand across countries, as well as exchange rate expectations in determining the total level of foreign direct investment (FDI) by United States companies. According to Janeba (2002) investment costs and government credibility has significant impact on the level of inward foreign direct investment, suggesting that MNCs would prefer to invest in politically stable countries. The research also concluded that when any politically unstable country has cost advantage over other countries MNC will invest efficient amount in that particular country and will hold excess capacity elsewhere. According to the conventional wisdom lack of commitment from the government discouraged foreign direct investment in emerging countries.The research work done by Harvey (1990) focused on the macroeconomic determinants of FDI in addition to variables relating to different industry groups and tried to identify the impact of these variables on the inward FDI flow of the recipient country. Research suggested that Exchange rate and Sales had significant impact on the foreign direct investment, whereas taxes did not have any significant role in e xplaining foreign direct investment. Following bit different framework research conducted by Rolfe, Ricks, Pointer and McCarthy (1993) made an attempt to check investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment decision on the basis of various investment incentives provided by countries in the Caribbean region. The study demonstrated that all inducements do not evenly plea to all investors. The investment characteristics would determine which incentives firm manager will prefer. According to the study incentives chosen by firms exporting their productsvary from those firms that sale product in local markets, companiesopening operations in a new state had different inducement preferences than firms involved in growing or purchasingprevailing operations, incentive choicesoccasionally differ by state of investment, incentives varyreliant upon the products made, large financiersselect different motivations than those preferred by smaller companies and incentive inclinations can fluctuate on yearly basis. In short the research concluded that incentive preferences can be represented as a function of the investment type, countries involved, the market positioning of the investing companies, type of products produced by the investing company, amount of the capital invested, and investment time. Terpstra and Yu (1988) tried to examine the impact of firm-specific advantages and locational factors on the foreign investment made by advertising agencies of U.S. Study focused ondetermining role of market size of recipient country, geographic nearness of recipient country, size of the investing firm, experience of investing firm in international operations, oligopolistic response and existence of homemade country clientelesoverseason FDI. The research depicted that U.S. advertising agencies prefer to invest in those foreign countries having large market size, did not discriminated countries on the basis of their geographic location, inclined to enter foreign market with bigger firm size, tended international expansion with increasing understanding of international operations, reacted oligopolistically while making foreign investment and followed client firms belonging to home country while going abroad. Additionally research found that oligopolistic reaction had stronger impact in 1984 compared to 1972, intensity of competition had significant impact on oligopolistic reaction and top agencies witnessed stronger impact of oligopolistic reaction. Another study tried to examine determinants of FDI by using macroeconomic variables but more emphasis was given to various ratios relating to capital and labor, it also used à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Heckscher-Ohlin Theoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which stated that a country exports those commodities that intensively use the countrys relatively abundant factors and imports those goods using its scarce factors intensively. Results indicated that countries like U.S. imported goods whose production required higher capital to labor ratio than the goods exported and when the endowment ratio of capital/labor increased the ratio of capital for each worker in import-competing production to capital for each worker in export production declined.Gopinath and Echeverria (2004) studied the association between foreign investment (FDI) and trade in mutualframework, that is, source or investing countrys exports and foreign investment toinvestment recipient country wereexaminedthrough gravity-model methodology. Results suggested that physical distance had negative impact on trade-FDI ratio, this caused nations to switch from export to FDI based manufacturing. Research also found GDP per capita to affect trade-FDI ratio positively and institutional quality strongly encouraged FDI, additionally FDI was also encouraged by regional trading agreements. The empirical study conducted by Goldberg and Kolstad (1995) stated that exchange rate instability contributed to production internationalization without depressing economic activity in the home country. Furthermore, exchange rate instability motivated the portion of investment activity situatedin foreign state. Research also suggested that exchange rate instability did not have statistically dissimilar effects on capital investment shares when distinguished between varieties of periods where real or financialvariations dictated exchange rate movement.Yin (1999) made an attempt to study the impact of tax inducements on the arrangement of a localbusinesswith respect to price, productivity, revenue, and entrance/exit, by taking into consideration technology relocation through FDI. The study concluded that if thehost countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ government providedhigher tax relief to foreign companies, this will result in rise in total yield and decrease price index whi ch will encourage more foreign businesses to move in the industry while certain present host businesses will need to departure. Research also suggested that government should be cautious in decreasing rate of taxes to attract FDI. Vita and Kyaw (2008) used empirically controllable structural VAR model for identifyingdetermining factors of investment flows and variance decomposition and impulse response analyses to examine the time-based dynamic effects of variations in both pull andpushmotivators on FDI and portfolio investments. Study suggested that variation in real variables representing economic activity for example domestic productivity and foreign output possess more power in explaining variability in investment flows to developing nations. This research developed structural VAR model to test relative importance of the determinants of disaggregated investment flows to developing countries. The study investigated the degree to which deviations in FDI and portfolio investmentswere caused by variety of pull andpush factors throughvariousperiod horizons. Studying the impact of FDI on variousfacets of local economies, containingglobal trade, employment, gross fixed capital formation, output, balance of payments(BoP) and overall welfareHejazi and Pauly (2003) found that FDI was encouraged by market access and factor price differences, and on the role of intra-firm trade. According to the research prediction of whether growth in outward FDI will increase or decrease domestic GFCF is not possible. Therefore, comparisons of such growth relative to growth in inward FDI can be a misleading indicator for policy makers. Since the impact of FDI on domestic GFCF depends on the underlying motivation for investment, and not simply on the growth in outward relative to inward FDI, the results are of interest to all countries. The implication of results stated that quickprogress in outward foreign direct investment, comparative to inward progress, should not be taken as a negative growth, butmightbe source of success. Chen (1996) suggested that capacity of the market share to expand affected inward flow ofFDI but labor cost (WAGE) does not affect FDI. Similarly foreign investing companies had utilized the natural and energy resources of Western regiondespite of low allocative efficiency in this area.Interregionalrailwaynetworksweresignificant in location preference of foreign investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Besides that, foreign investors were reluctant in locating near state-of-the-artlocal Chinese businesses in the eastern as well as middle provinces. These results were significant because the choice of FDI location appeared to have been motivated by the presence of good transportconnections, high-tech filtering and, to some level by the capacity of the market share to expand. The choice of FDI location did not appear to have been persuaded by taking into accountlabor cost variances. According to the neoclassical model of growth, growth rate of labor as well as technological developmentwere considered as exogenous and inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) will lead to increase in the investment rate and which will ultimately lead to increase in the growth of per capita income but the growth effect will not last in the long run (Hsiao and Hsiao, 2006). Papanek (1973) indicatedstatistically significant negative effect of varioussorts of investment on domestic savings. Grounded on a sample of 85emerging countries, researchconcluded that foreign investment displaced national savings. Precisely, the research exhibited all types of foreign investment either in shape of aid or individual investment compressed the domestic savings. As a result the economy of the FDI recipient country went into state ofhigher dependency on foreign investment for development. The empirical studies of Cushman (1985) based U.S. bilateral FDI outflow and inflow data concluded that exchange rate variability had positive relation with set of flows.Connor (1983) conducted research which focused on inward as well as outward flow of FDI. The study divided country specific advantages into three categories FDI Probability, FDI Propensity and FDI Penetration and their impact on FDI.Larudeeand Koechlin (1999) research focused on the wages or labor costs and productivity in terms of production costs as the determinants of FDI. This research usedsweatshop labor argument that relied indirectly on assumption of simplistic trade model that assumed all of the national firms to have access to similar technology. But in contrary MNE and abundant theory acquire higher labor efficiency due to the firm related advantages MNE possess. Thediscrepancy between investing and recipient country in average manufacturing wage should therefore be an independent determinant of FDI flows. CHAPTER 3: PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 3.1 Method of Data Collection The secondary data necessarily required to perform the research was gathered from the official sites of The World Bank and The State Bank of Pakistan. Additionally, some of the required data was abstracted from the book Statistical Supplement and Yearly Book both being published under the supervision of State Bank of Pakistan. 3.2 Sample Size The data used for the purpose of research consisted of 30 years annual data of the variables used in research. Data of all the variables belonged to period starting from fiscal year 1980 to fiscal year 2010. 3.4 Research Model developed In order to test the hypothesis of the research multiple regression model was developed. The model established is similar to the research model used by Kyrkilis and Pantelidis (2003). FDI= ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ²0GDP + ÃŽÂ ²1GDPG à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ÃŽÂ ²2Wage- ÃŽÂ ²3I + ÃŽÂ ²4ER + ÃŽÂ ²5IE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ÃŽÂ ²6T à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ÃŽÂ ²7IR +  µ Where FDI = Net amount of Foreign Direct Investment received by Pakistan Wage = Annual wages paid to a worker (Labor cost) I = Inflation,IR = Interest rate, ER = Exchange rate, IE = Infrastructure expenditure,T = Taxes, GDP = Gross domestic product,GDPG = GDP per capita growth rate. 3.3 Statistical Technique In order to test the hypothesis developed of the research the statistical technique of multiple regressionanalysis was applied. This technique was applied because both the dependent variable and independent variables were scale and under this situation the prediction power of regression analysis is stronger as compared with the other statistical techniques available. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 4.1 Findings and Interpretation of the results The results drawn by applying Multiple Regression analysis were as follows: Table: 4.1Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std.Errorof the Estimate Durbin-Watson 1 .998a .996 .995 6.65146E17 2.744 The model summary table explains what amount of variance in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables. The value of R-square is .996 which means that approximately 99.6 % of the variance of SQFDI is accounted for by the model and only .04 % of the variance remains unexplained. Independent variables were square of Infrastructure Expenditure (PSDP Fund), Interest Rate (IR), Inflation (I) and Exchange Rate (ER) and the dependent variablewas Square of Net Foreign Direct Investment (SQFDI). Table: 4.2ANOVA Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 2.524E39 4 6.310E38 1426.142 .000a Residual 1.106E37 25 4.424E35 Total 2.535E39 29 The Anova table explains the model fit, sig. value of .000 suggests F-test to be significant, and therefore the model is statistically significant. When the sig. value in the Anova table is less than .05 the model fit is good and regression can be applied on the data. Table: 4.3 Coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) -9.595E17 7.703E17 -1.246 .224 Inflation -8.806E16 3.960E16 -.037 -2.224 .035 .640 1.562 Interest Rate 2.047E17 6.261E16 .045 3.270 .003 .920 1.086 Exchange rate -5.646E16 9.021E15 -.125 -6.259 .000 .440 2.273 IE 1.654E8 3349513.619 1.094 49.392 .000 .356 2.809 The co-efficients table shows the significance of individual independent variable in explaining the dependent variable. In the final model square of Infrastructure Expenditure (PSDP Fund), Interest Rate (IR), Inflation (I) and Exchange Rate (ER) were the statistically significant variables.The effect of Inflation (Standardized B= -.037, P =.035) is statistically significant havingnegative coefficientdemonstrating that largerthe value of inflation rate, the lower the Foreign Direct Investment. The value of beta indicates that 1 unit increase in inflation will decrease FDI by .037units. Similarly, the effect of Interest Rate (Standardized B= .045, P =.003) is significant and its coefficient is positive indicating that the greater the value of interest rate, the higher the amount of FDI received. The value of beta indicates that 1 unit increase in interest rate will increase FDI by .045units. Next, the effect of Exchange Rate (Standardized B= -.125, P =.000) is statistically significant havingnegative coefficientdemonstrating that larger the value of exchange rate, the lower the amount of FDI. The value of beta indicates that 1 unit increase in exchange rate will decrease FDI by .125units. Finally, the effect of Infrastructure Expenditure (Standardized B= 1.094, P =.000) is also statisticallysignificant having positive coefficient indicating that the greater the amount spent by government as infrastructure expenditure, the higher the amount of FDIreceived. The value of beta indicates that 1 unit increase in amount of infrastructure expenditure will lead to an increase of 1.094 units in FDI. Empirical Model Developed FDI = 1.094 InfrastructureExpenditure + .045 Interest Rate .125 Exchange Rate .037 Inflation 4.2 Hypothesis Assessment Summary Hypothesis ÃŽÂ ² Sig. E.C H1: GDP has positive impact on FDI .089 .560 Reject H2: Infrastructure expenditure has positive impact on FDI 1.094 .000 Accept H3: Taxes has negative impact on FDI Reject H4: Inflation has negative impact on FDI -.037 .035 Accept H5:GDP per capita growth has positive impact on FDI .001 .962 Reject H6: Exchange rate has positive impact on FDI -.125 .000 Reject H7: Interest rate has negative impact on FDI .045 .003 Reject CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion Foreign direct invest being the most important factor in the development of developing countries likewise Pakistan. From recent years there has been great fight going on among LDCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s from all over the world to attract higher amount of FDI to fuel their economic growth. This research was intended to find out the impact of macroeconomic variables including GDP, GDP per capita growth rate, Interest rate, Inflation rate, Wage rate, Exchange rate, Tax rate and Infrastructure expenditure (PSDP fund) on the inflow of Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan.The relationship between labor cost (Wage) and FDI could not be established because insufficient data was available on the annual wage rate in the country. GDP, GDP per capita growth rate and Tax rate were statistically insignificant in contributing in the final model.The most significant variables in the model were Inflation rate and Exchange rate; both had negative relation with FDI inflow having beta of -8.806 and-5.646 r espectively.Interest rate and Infrastructure expenditure (PSDP fund) were positively related with FDI inflow having beta of 2.047 and 1.654 respectively. 5.2 Discussion Accordingto results derived from the research inflation had negative impact on FDI as found by (Kok and Erosy, 2003). Contradictory to the studies of Kok and Erosyet al. andAsiedu (2002) that found positive impact of GDP per capita growth rate on inward flow of FDI but in case of Pakistan GDP per capita growth rate proved insignificant.Results regarding the impact ofinfrastructure on FDI were similar to those established by Asiedu (2002)but the impact of tax rate was conflicting. The results regarding the impact of exchange rate on FDI were consistent with those found by (Cushman,1985).Terpstra and Yu (1988) and Weinstein (1977) found positiveimpact of GDP on FDI but according to the results of this study GDP was statistically insignificant in explaining variation in FDI.Finally, the results regarding the impact of interest rate on FDI were consistent with those found by (Fernandez-Arias, 1996). 5.3 Implications and Recommendations Pakistan belongs to category of countries those currently face huge deficit of resources to finance its major growth projects and to manage the government operations smoothly.This research paper made attempt to explore those factors that in particular have direct impact on the inward FDI flow of the country.Results of the research show that exchange rate and inflation were negatively related with FDI and had statistically significant impact on the FDI received by the country. Therefore, the government of Pakistan should try to control the rate of inflation and fluctuations in the exchange rate and keep it at minimum possible level inorder to assist the increase in inflow flow of FDI.Similarly, infrastructure expenditure and interest rate were found to be positively related with inflow of FDI, keeping this in mind government should increase its spending on the development of infrastructure within the country. Following these strategies the government would be able to attract higher am ount of FDI. 5.4 Future Research Generally speaking determinants of foreign direct investment could consist of variety of factors other than some macroeconomic variables discussed in this particular research paper. The most common of those that previously have been studied were political factors including political stability, level of corruption, structure of the industry, market openness and variety of other factors impact the foreign direct investment received by any specific country. But talking in the Asian scenario cheap labor has been one of the major determinants of the inward FDI flow but unfortunately data regarding labor cost (wage) could not be collected and the impact of labor cost on FDI in case of Pakistan remained unidentified. Therefore, great deal of research could be done in order to identify those variables that have an impact on FDI.

Definition of Suffrage, as in Womens Suffrage

Suffrage is used today to mean the right to vote in elections, sometimes also including the right to run for and hold elected public office.  It is commonly used in phrases like woman suffrage or womens suffrage or universal suffrage. Derivation and History The word suffrage comes from the Latin suffragium meaning to support. It already had the connotation of voting in classical Latin and may have been used as well for a special tablet on which one recorded a vote. It likely came into English through French. In Middle English, the word took on ecclesiastical meanings, as well, of intercessory prayers. In the 14th and 15th centuries in English, it was also used to mean support. By the 16th and 17th centuries, suffrage was in common use in English to mean a vote in favor of a proposal (as in a representative body like Parliament) or of a person in an election. The meaning then broadened to apply to a vote for or against candidates and proposals. Then the meaning broadened to mean the ability to vote by individuals or groups. In Blackstones commentary on English laws (1765), he includes a reference:  In all democracies .. it is of the utmost importance to regulate by whom, and in what manner, the suffrages are to be given. The Enlightenment, with emphasis on equality of all persons and consent of the governed, paved the way for the idea that the suffrage, or ability to vote, should be extended beyond a small elite group. Wider, or even universal suffrage, became a popular demand. No taxation without representation called for those who were taxed to also be able to vote for their representatives in government. Universal male suffrage was a call in political circles in Europe and America by the first half of the 19th century, and then some (see Seneca Falls Womans Rights Convention) began to extend that demand to women as well as woman suffrage became a key social reform issue through 1920. Active suffrage  refers to the right to vote.  The phrase passive suffrage is used to refer to the right to run for and hold public office.  Women were, in a few cases, elected to public office (or appointed) before they won the right to active suffrage. Suffragist was used to denote someone working to extend suffrage to new groups.  Suffragette was sometimes used for women working for woman suffrage. Pronunciation: SUF-rij (short u) Also Known As: vote, franchise Alternate Spellings: souffrage, sofrage in Middle English; sufferage, suffrage Examples: Should the females of New York be placed on a level of equality with males before the law? If so, let us petition for this impartial justice for women. In order to insure this equal justice should the females of New York, like the males, have a voice in appointing the law makers and the law administrators? If so, let us petition for Womans Right to Suffrage. - Frederick Douglass, 1853 Similar Terms The word franchise or the phrase political franchise is also often used for the right to vote and the right to run for office. Denied Suffrage Rights Citizenship and residency are usually considered in deciding who has the right to vote in a country or state.  Age qualifications are justified by the argument that minors may not sign contracts. In the past, those without property were often ineligible to vote. Since married women could not sign contracts or dispose of their own property, it was considered appropriate to deny women the vote.   Some countries and U.S. states exclude from suffrage those who have been convicted of a felony, with various conditions. Sometimes the right is restored upon completion of prison terms or parole conditions, and sometimes restoration depends on the crime not being a violent crime. Race has been directly or indirectly a grounds for exclusion from voting rights. (Though women got the vote in the United States in 1920, many African-American women were still excluded from voting because of laws that discriminated racially.) Literacy tests and poll taxes have also been used to exclude from suffrage. Religion in both the United States and Great Britain sometimes was grounds for exclusion from voting. Catholics, sometimes Jews or Quakers, were excluded from suffrage. Quotes About Suffrage Susan B. Anthony: â€Å"[T]here never will be complete equality until women themselves help to make laws and elect lawmakers.†Victoria Woodhull: â€Å"Why is a woman to be treated differently? Woman suffrage will succeed, despite this miserable guerilla opposition.†Emmeline Pankhurst: Be militant in your own way! Those of you who can break windows, break them. Those of you who can still further attack the secret idol of property...do so. And my last word is to the Government: I incite this meeting to rebellion. Take me if you dare!

Masculinity in the Works of Herman Melville - 2445 Words

Herman Melville’s novels, with good reason, can be called masculine. Moby-Dick may, also with good reason, be called a man’s book and that Melville’s seafaring episode suggests a patriarchal, anti-feminine approach that adheres to the nineteenth century separation of genders. Value for masculinity in the nineteenth century America may have come from certain expected roles males were expected to fit in; I argue that its value comes from examining it not alone, but in relation to and in concomitance with femininity. As Richard H. Brodhead put it, Moby-Dick is â€Å"so outrageously masculine that we scarcely allow ourselves to do justice to the full scope of masculinism† (Brodhead 9). I concur with Brodhead in that remark, and that Melville’s†¦show more content†¦Rather than conforming to aged, socially constructed masculine roles, Melville is challenging them by concealing feminine characteristics in his most manly concepts; he is trying to t ake â€Å"a man born in once independent Man, and,† in this novel, â€Å"now [unman] Man† (M-D 391). â€Å"[S]mall erections may be finished by their first architects,† Ishmael reflects to himself about the Cathedral of Cologne, but â€Å"grand ones, true ones, ever leave the copestone to posterity. God keep me from completing anything† (M-D 125). Melville uses ancient architecture and constructions as phallic metaphors to imply that they must remain incomplete if they are to remembered as â€Å"grand† and â€Å"true†. A chapter in which gender sentiments are comically muddled is the chapter known as â€Å"The Tail†, where Melville takes part in disassembling, at the same time celebrating, this obviously phallic symbol and uses careful and also obvious language to stress its feminine, as well as masculine, qualities. In the tail the â€Å"confluent measureless force of the whole whale seems concentrated to a point† (M-D 294), Melville describes what superficially sound as only be phallic and masculine qualities. However, Melville does not allow the â€Å"tail† to be easily written off as overtly masculine. The tail’s â€Å"amazing strength† does not â€Å"cripple the graceful flexion of its motions†; rather itShow MoreRelatedA Man s World On Wall Street1638 Words   |  7 PagesTo Be a Man What makes a man, a man? Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener,† written in 1851, undoubtedly constructs a man’s world on Wall Street. During this time, it would be said that men and women had a certain role to fulfill. It just so happened that men were considered superior over women during the 1800’s. However, Melville wasn’t completely prosperous exterminating women from his narrative. Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener,† is full of male characters. Bartleby, Turkey, NippersRead MoreAnalysis Of Herman Melville s Typee1850 Words   |  8 Pagesbasically the rest of our lives, and with some shape or form, shape us to who we are today. These relations, similarly have to do with faces, actions and personal experiences that we have never been exposed to before. This type of exposure is apparent in Herman Melville’s Typee,where â€Å"identity† is of critical importance to that of Tommo, the narrator, along with the tribe that he encounters while stranded on the island. 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He then began to work for the Newspaper Enterprise Service and for the U.S. War Production Board (1926-41). He became a staff member of the American Heritage and became a senior editor (1954-1959). The Civil War was the topic of all Catton’s most famous and awarded booksRead MoreWhiteness as a Field of Study2712 Words   |  11 Pages a process view as a gain by the immigrants fleeing from oppression or poverty. And the price to pay for those gains was their culture. Another antecedent was by late 1970s and early 1980s; feminists’ scholars in their study of patriarchy and masculinities perceived the cultural hegemony of whiteness, as an ideology connected to the male dominance in western societies. All those antecedents in the 1960s-1980s prepared the ground for the whiteness studies of the 1990s. Whiteness studies focus on

Short Story free essay sample

In the beginning, the sky was very low; it was possible to touch it with a long bamboo pole. Because of this proximity, everything on earth was burnt by the intense heat of the sun. The rivers and the seas were boiling tremendously. Then suddenly from nowhere, a huge man appeared on earth. This enormous being was called Maykapal. Some of the ancient Tagalogs, said that Maykapal was the Lord of the universe who came down to earth to correct some mistakes in his work. However, unable to get rest from the intense heat, Maykapal got mad one day. With his hands, he raised the sky to is present height. In spite of this change, however, the heat from the sun was still unbearable. In those days, it was said that the sun had two eyes and the heat it gave was twice as much as we have now. In his disgust, Maykapal took his bolo and pierced one of the sun’s eyes. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result of this incident, the old folks say, the sun became one-eyed and it was for this reason that, since then, it generated just enough light to sustain life on earth. But despite this well-regulated heat from the sun, Maykapal was not contented with his handiwork. The sight of the cold and barren earth made him feel lonely. So one day, he took some curious looking seeds from his pocket and sowed them. Then he tore the clouds and the first rain came. A few days later, the earth was covered with plants and flowers. With these innovations completed, Maykapal decided to furnish the world with light. The enveloping darkness at night made him feel insecure. He knew he was alone but he could not understand his own feelings. So he picked up some queer-looking and glittering shells from the beach, willed that they should have light, and hung them in the sky. These bacame the stars and the moon. Contented now, he returned to his adobe by way of Mount Arayat. Short Story free essay sample He wore OLL- stained Jeans and a torn leather vest, but no shirt. Straight black hair hung nearly to his waist. A snake tattoo circled his forearm. Mild-athletes, I guessed. I didnt realize I was staring so hard until he scowled and muttered, Do I know you, bud? I quickly averted my eyes, not wishing for an exchange of words and maybe more. The man picked up the newspaper and the pack of cigarettes hed purchased, and walked toward the doors. I stepped to the counter to pay for my gasoline.I dismissed the incident from my mind and began thinking of how great it would be to get home. Only fifty more miles to Cedar Pointed, my hometown. Id been away to college for an eternity, It seemed. With summer vacation here, I was anticipating seeing my girlfriend and family again. Excellent the glass doors, I stepped out Into the thickening dusk, and was halted by a gruff voice. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hey, man. Turning, I spotted the longhair guy again. What is it? I hoped this didnt mean trouble. Hey, man, he said again, uncertainly, which way you headed? To Cedar Pointed. Why? I started to walk to my car. The guy followed, to my annoyance. Cool, thats where I live. Can you give me a ride, man? His voice was eager, pleading. well I hesitated. He drew closer. I detected the odors of dried sweat and stale tobacco smoke radiating from his body. Im in a hurry, I mumbled and slid into the drivers seat of my Dodge Intrepid. I attempted to close the door, but the guy grabbed the handle, and with surprising strength, prevented me. He began to speak hurriedly. Have a heart, man.Ive been stranded here for SIX bucking hours, and nobodys give me a ride. I hitchhiked with a trucker from Merrill to here, but cant get anybody As these words gushed from his mouth, I again was struck by the uncanny sense that I knew him. Do I know you? Im from Cedar Pointed, myself, I ventured. l dont know. I dont recognize you. My question seemed to irritate him. Get in, I gave in reluctantly, leaning over and unlocking the passenger door. This is a huge mistake, I thought. As we pulled onto the highway, my unwelcome passenger lit a cigarette.Though I dont smoke, and the smell gives me a headache, I said nothing. I thought that perhaps it would be easier for both of us if the guy was occupied with something. He med to sense my irritation at his presence and did not attempt conversation. The irrational thought that I knew him from a previous encounter kept returning. I studied on it in the silence. Where had I met him before? A sense of foreboding grew in me as I tried to remember. It seemed that the man was connected somehow to some terrible danger Id been in That Im in now.The thought came unbidden. Was it true? Was he dangerous? His appearance certainly did nothing to inspire confidence. Then it hit me. That crazy dream! The guy was in a dream I had a couple of nights before. I remembered waking up around two oclock in the morning with the conviction that it was some kind of warning. The next morning Id dismissed it from my mind, thinking it was ridiculous. Now I wished like hell I could remember the dream and how it ended. I turned for a quick glance at my passenger, hoping Id recall the dream if I saw his face again.What I did see caused my heart to lurch sickeningly. The hitchhikers hand was emerging from inside his vest. He clutched an 8-inch hunting knife. The blade gleamed hideously and I caught my breath. The man turned, noticed my expression, then laughed. Didnt mean to scare you. Thought Id clean my fingernails. He proceeded to do just that, but my fear was not alleviated. You know, man, its hard to hitch a ride. He spoke, as he continued digging under his nails with the knife. Must be my looks. He stared at me, as if to catch my reaction to his words. People dont seem to trust me. Itd be a off lot easier to trust you if youd put that damn knife away. Aloud, I said: Yeah. Guess so. I always try to give people the benefit of the doubt. Unlike you, We said nothing for awhile and my disturbing passenger seemed to fall into a deep contemplation, now using his knife as a toothpick. The miles fell behind, and I saw that we were entering what might be called a town, consisting of a couple of broken down houses and a gas station in the middle of nowhere. Id have to find some way to ditch this guy.My bladder was about to pop, and it offered an excellent excuse for stopping. l have to use the restroom. I explained, as I whipped into the gas station, which, thankfully, was still lit up. l need to take a sit. the knife-wielding hitcher responded. Great. The perfect opportunity to ditch him! I hoped the station would have a restroom that was not Out of Order. I was in luck. I hurried into the restroom first, and went about my business, touching the filthy fixtures as little as possible. I made my exit. My strange passenger went in after me, saying, Wait for me. I will, I promised, thinking: Whatever, freak. I ran to my car, leaped in, and slammed it into reverse. Peering into the review mirror before backing out of the parking spot, I was startled to see a man running toward my car. He held up his hand to stop me, and called, Wait! I need help. Can you help me? I waited as he approached, wondering who the hell I was about to meet now. When the man reached the window, I was astonished to see he was decked out in a black suit and tie and carried a briefcase. A businessman. Could I trouble you for a ride, he asked, pleasantly. This is insane! Ive goat get out of here, I muttered to myself, wondering what kind of freakish bad luck brings two hitchhikers in one night. I was releasing the break and Just about to back out, when the businessman stopped me again. l can pay you well. He smiled, produced a stack of bills, and waved them in my face. My car broke down about a mile from here. I need to get to the nearest actual town. Theres no phone here. My cell has no reception. Can you take me? Again he flourished the green papers. well . Sure, I agreed, mesmerisms by the sight of the money. Just hurry and out, but at that moment my passenger door opened. The knife climbed in beside me, glaring. You were about to leave me, he accused. Leaning over me, he peered out at the businessman. He pulled the knife, brandished it for emphasis, and said, Beat it, bud. This is my ride. No room for you. He gestured toward the back seat piled with clothing, bags, and boxes. Drive, he ordered me. I obeyed, afraid not to. Looking in the review mirror as we pulled away from the taxation, I saw the businessman staring after us. I prayed hed somehow get to a phone and inform the police of what hed seen.It was my only hope. We rode in silence, my passenger toying with the knife and chain-smoking, while my nerves continued to fray. I was amazed when we rolled into Cedar Pointed and I was still alive. The hitchhiker directed me to his house. Predictably, the house was an unlivable ruin. A rusty pickup rested on concrete blocks in the yard. A gigantic Shepherd dog stood guard, baring its teeth at my unfamiliar vehicle. I steered to the curb and the hitchhiker wearily stepped out, grunting his thanks allowed by a deep smokers cough. Inwardly, I breathed a huge sigh of relief. Short Story free essay sample Trodden with the cattles feet, But a Pebble of the brook Warbled out these meters meet: Love seethe only Self to please, To bind another to its delight, Joys In anothers loss of ease, And builds a hell In heavens despite. Corrupted By The Sun I saw her. In a miniscule moment. Her long brown hair so luscious and lively, cascading like a waterfall past her shoulders down to her torso. Curls bouncing as she turned.Her eyes were as green as a tropical forest. When caught in your direction, they not only saw your body but also your soul. So bewitching, as if she could lure you in with a single grimace. I was breathless. Her beauty was bewildering. I could not seem to comprehend how a woman could be so perfect. It seemed as though utopia did exist, though It had taken human form. I had never felt like that before, It was Incredible, yet somewhat miserable. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .. Would I ever see this woman again? Was she real or was I going mad? I continued to promenade through the markets. The thought of this woman still trapped In my mind.That night was the most difficult, as I did not get a wink of sleep, but how could l? After seeing such a beautiful woman, what man would be able to resist such a temptation? I wanted to see her again; I needed to see her again. I had to know she was real. I had to know that I was not crazy, and that perfection did exist, as I had Just witnessed it in her. I lay on my bed, watching the sunrise through my window. I rose, and wandered off to a nearby field. I come here to reminisce and appreciate how beautiful the world is, Inhaling the natural beauty infused In the flora.I lay beneath he oak tree, so peaceful and pleased. I could hear the soft voice of a woman, whispering sweet melodies. I thought this odd, as I know no one often comes by here. I looked up and wondered whom it may be. I rose, and began to walk towards her. I noticed her gathering some flowers, placing them In a basket. She was wearing a long yellow silk dress, more vibrant then the sun. I called out to her and she turned. It was whispered Hello. Her voice sounded worried. As stunned as I was, I managed to utter, Hello Malady, may I ask what you are doing? She came closer to me. L was gust collecting some flowers for my table at home, Im very sorry, I was unaware this field belonged to someone, please do excuse my behavior she replied. It took me a while to respond, as I was too busy observing her lips as she spoke. No Malady dont apologies, this field does not belong to me or anyone, feel free to do as you wish, I explained. She looked at me and sighed with relief. Oh Good! I am new to town and I would not want to be considered disrespectful. I then proceeded to invite her to come back to my house for tea, she gladly accepted.We sat there telling stories and reminiscing over childhood memories. She told me she had moved away from her family, that she needed an adventure. Our eyes connected for a brief moment. I went to kiss her on the lips, fearing whether or not she would accept. She caressed the side of my face and kissed me so sweetly. A kiss filled with nothing but compassion. I felt like the luckiest man alive. After that day, she and I would never go a day without each other. We were in-love. She was like a breath of fresh air infusing life back into me. After a few months, I was beginning to want her more. She was so desirable and pure.One day I turned to her ND asked, My darling, would you let me take your virtue? she looked at me and smiled, kissed me on the lips and lay down. That night she stayed with me. We kissed so passionately. I began to take off her clothes, humanely caressing her body while our lips connected. She breathed so heavily, the sweet sound of her moans I will always remember. Then, we Just lay in each others arms, content and satisfied. She turned to me and said, I love you with a soft kiss. From then on, a fever broke out into me. From every day to twice a day, to three times to four, I could not escape from the iron grip of desire.She became distant. She would not look at me during our love making anymore. I was furious! How dare she! Why would she not look at me? Did she not love me? Was I not good enough? When we were done she would make any excuse to go home. She stopped coming to my house so often. Then she stopped completely. My love. My Utopia was gone. I loved her. I was everything she wanted me to be! She gave herself to me! She was mine! Without her I was going insane. My heart had Just been ripped apart. She broke me. I was nothing. I had to know; I had to know why she was gone. How could she be so rule?The love of my life had Just left me here, broken, distraught, and lonely. I had enough, I had given her enough time to return to me. I decided it was time to bring her back myself. I went to her house. Thumping on the door, so loud the entire street would hear. I sat, crying. The door opened. I looked up to see not her, someone else. Another man. Who was this man? Who did he think he is! I prejudicially rushed through the door. I saw her. Lying there unclothed. My mind flooded with detrimental thoughts. I cringed in dismay at the thought of another mans lips touching hers.The an approached me, I told him he ought to leave before things got out of hand. I belongings and left. It was Just she and l. She was crying. Trying to explain but I would not let her. I picked her up and carried her to the bedroom. I threw her on the bed, turned her around and took her one last time. She breathed heavily, though this time it was followed by cries for help. I could feel her heart beating fast. I could feel the thumping. I could not take it anymore! If I could not have her, no one would! She was perfect for ME, and ONLY me. I reached for the first thing I saw, clenching it in y hand.I swung subconsciously. The thumping slowed down, until it stopped beating completely, her body gushing red. I sat over her, as she lay there impassive. I was once humble, now I am nothing but bitter, and she is reprehensible. Perfection did not exist; what an obscure thought. Love is paltry. It leaves you petty and feeble. I will never forget what she had done to me; I will never let another woman do that to me again. I would rather swim then sink. I lay beneath the oak tree, a place of tranquility, though I sat mindlessly. Darkness overpowered me. I am Just as corrupted as the sun.